The Bahamas - Country Profile

The Health in the Americas+¹ country profiles are based on the interagency indicators available as of the dates referenced. The sources are referenced in this table. In some cases, the values of the indicators may differ from the most recent data available in the country.

Environmental and social determinants of health

In 2000 the total population of Bahamas was 323 835 inhabitants; by 2024 this figure had risen to 401 283, representing a 23.9% increase. Regarding the country’s demographic profile, in 2024 people over 65 years of age accounted for 11.8% of the total population, an increase of 5.1 percentage points compared to the year 2000. In 2024, there were 109.4 women per 100 men and 65.7 older people (65 years or older) per 100 children under 15 years of age, as can be seen in the country’s population pyramids, distributed by age group and sex (Figure 1). Considering the population between 15 and 64 years of age to be potentially active (i.e., potential participants in the labor force), this group represented 70.3% of the total population of the country in 2024 ( 282 148 people). When we add these figures to the potentially passive population (71 881 under 15 years of age and 47 255 over 65 years of age), the result is a dependency ratio of 42.2 potentially passive people per 100 potentially active people. This ratio was 52.7 in 2000.

Life expectancy at birth in 2024 was 74.7 years, lower than the average for the Region of the Americas and 2.2 years higher that in 2000 (72.5).

Figure 1. Population pyramids, years 2000 and 2024

Between 2000 and 2010, the average number of years of schooling in Bahamas increased by 7.5%, reaching an average of 11.9 years in the latest year for which information is available. The unemployment rate in 2023 was 9.5%. Disaggregated by sex, the rate was 9.5% for women and 9.5% for men.

During the period 2000-2022, the country improved its score on the Human Development Index, with an increase of 4.1% (from a score of 0.788 to a score of 0.82); during the same period, the index rose 14.6% internationally and 11.2% in Latin America (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Human Development Index in the Region of the Americas, 2022

In 2021, public expenditure on health accounted for 3.98% of gross domestic product (GDP) (Figure 3) and 13.75% of total public expenditure, while out-of-pocket spending on health accounted for 24.46% of total health expenditure.

Figure 3. Domestic general government health expenditure as percentage of gross domestic product, 2021

Digital coverage

In 2021, 94.3% of the population had an internet connection, representing a considerable increase from 2000, when 8% of the population had an internet connection.

Health situation

Maternal and child health

Between 2000 and 2020, infant mortality in Bahamas increased from 14.8 to 16.2 deaths per 1000 live births, a decrease of 9.5% (Figure 4). The percentage of low-weight births (less than 2500 g) increased from 9.9% to 10.2% between 2000 and 2020.

Regarding the immunization strategy, measles vaccination coverage was 80% in 2022, a decrease of 13 percentage points from 2000.

The maternal mortality ratio in 2020 was estimated at 77.1 deaths per 100 000 live births, representing a 26.6% increase compared to the estimated value in 2000 (Figure 5). In relation to fertility, it is estimated that in 2024 women had an average of 1.4 children throughout their reproductive lives. In the specific case of adolescent fertility, there was a 43.4% decrease, from 43.3 live births per 1000 women aged 15 to 19 years in 2000 to 24.5 in 2024. In 2021, 99.0% of births were attended by skilled birth personnel. In 2018, 99% of births were attended by skilled birth personnel. Between 2004 and 2018 the percentage of pregnant people who received antenatal care increased from 81.6% to 88%.

Figure 4. Infant mortality per 1000 live births, 1995–2021

Figure 5. Maternal mortality per 100 000 live births, 2000–2020

Communicable diseases

In 2022, there were 12 new cases of tuberculosis per 100 000 population in Bahamas. In 2019, the overall tuberculosis mortality rate (age-adjusted and per 100 000 population) was 0.08 (0.09 in women and 0.08 in men).

In 2021, the estimated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection incidence rate (new diagnoses) was 28.3 per 100 000 population. The age-adjusted mortality rate for HIV was 32.6 per 100 000 population in 2019. It should be noted that during the 2000-2019 period this indicator decreased by 77.5%.

There were no cases of human rabies in the country in 2021.

Noncommunicable diseases and risk factors

In Bahamas in 2023, the prevalence of tobacco use among people aged 15 and older was 10.7%. In the same age group, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 75.8% in 2022.

Also in 2016, 43.3% of the population reported insufficient physical activity.

In 2015, the reported prevalence of arterial hypertension (high blood pressure) among people aged 18 years or older was 20.9%, a decrease of 5.7 percentage points compared to 2000 (26.6%). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, which stood at 10.4% in 2000, increased to 12.5% in 2014.

Mortality

In 2019, the adjusted rate of potentially avoidable premature mortality in The Bahamas was 324.5 deaths per 100 000 population, a decrease of 26.9% from a rate of 443.9 in 2000. This meant that, in 2019, the rate in the country was 43.1% higher than the average rate reported for the Region of the Americas as a whole. Among potentially avoidable premature mortality, the rate for preventable causes was 171.5 per 100 000 population in 2019, which is 25.1% higher than the regional average rate; and the rate for treatable causes was 153 per 100 000 population, above the regional average of 89.6.

The overall age-adjusted mortality rate was 7 per 1000 population in 2019, a decrease of 12.5% compared to 2000 (8 deaths per 1000 population).

When deaths are categorized into three main groups, it is observed that, in 2019, the age-adjusted mortality rate from communicable diseases was 74.9 per 100 000 population (90.6 per 100 000 in men and 61.2 per 100 000 in women), while the age-adjusted mortality rate from noncommunicable diseases was 525.4 per 100 000 population (623.8 per 100 000 in men and 446.5 per 100 000 in women). The rate of age-adjusted mortality from external causes was 91.8 per 100 000 population (148.8 per 100 000 in men and 39.1 per 100 000 in women), including road traffic accidents (7.4 per 100 000 population), homicides (36.4 per 100 000 population) and suicides (3.4 per 100 000 population). In 2000, the percentage distribution of causes was 60.1% for noncommunicable diseases, 29.2% for communicable diseases, and 10.8% for external causes; in 2019, the percentages were 75.4%, 10.7%, and 13.9%, respectively (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Proportional mortality in the Bahamas, 2000 and 2019

Cancer mortality

Regarding cancer mortality from tumors, in 2019, the adjusted mortality rate from prostate cancer was 44.7 per 100 000 men; lung cancer, 12 per 100 000; and colorectal cancer, 14.6 per 100 000. In women, these values were 30.8 deaths per 100 000 for breast cancer, 3.9 per 100 000 for lung cancer, and 8.4 per 100 000 for colorectal cancer.

The sources of the interagency indicators used in this profile can be found in this table.

For the latest data on health indicators for the Region of the Americas, be sure to visit the PAHO Core Indicators portal.